Oluwamuyiwa Akinmejiwa explains how data sovereignty laws are reshaping digital infrastructure choices for West African banks
According to Oluwamuyiwa Akinmejiwa, end user business leader at Schneider Electric, West African banks are entering a pivotal phase in their digital transformation as stricter data sovereignty laws reshape how financial institutions manage and store sensitive data
Banks across the region are now faced with a critical infrastructure decision: whether to rely on cloud services, colocation facilities, or maintain traditional on-premises systems. As digital services expand, regulatory compliance, security and operational resilience are becoming central to technology strategies.
In countries such as Nigeria and Ghana, legislation including the Nigeria Data Protection Act 2023 and the Ghana Data Protection Act 2012 requires banks to ensure that sensitive financial data remains within national borders. These regulations have elevated data protection and compliance from operational considerations to strategic priorities for financial institutions.
As banks modernise their digital infrastructure, hyperscale cloud providers and artificial intelligence (AI) data centres often face challenges in meeting these strict regulatory expectations. Many large cloud platforms operate data centres outside the region or within frameworks that do not fully align with local compliance requirements, making adoption difficult for highly regulated banking environments.
Although cloud platforms offer flexibility and scalability, many banks in the region still favour on-premises systems or locally based colocation facilities. These options help institutions maintain stronger control over data residency and regulatory compliance.
However, both approaches come with limitations. On-premises infrastructure offers maximum control over systems and security policies, while colocation improves physical protection and operational reliability. At the same time, neither option removes the responsibility banks have for securing and managing their own data.
As data volumes grow and AI workloads become more demanding, banks must carefully manage these environments to ensure both performance and security.
Need for balance
For many institutions, the most practical solution lies in a hybrid approach. West African banks increasingly need a balanced mix of on-premises infrastructure, colocation facilities and compliant local cloud services, with each option chosen according to the sensitivity of the data and the regulatory framework governing it.
Hyperscale cloud providers and AI data centres often struggle to meet the compliance requirements of West African banks. In many cases they lack local data residency capabilities, depend on limited regional infrastructure or operate within fragmented regulatory environments.
Even with their advanced technology and global reach, many international providers have yet to deliver solutions that fully align with the expectations of regulators such as the Central Bank of Nigeria.
Data sovereignty, however, is only one aspect of the broader infrastructure challenge. Banks must also consider operational efficiency, cybersecurity risks, integration with legacy systems and the potential dependence on external vendors.
In reality, data sovereignty represents only a portion of the wider regulatory and technological landscape banks must navigate as they modernise their digital infrastructure.
Deciding factors
Local infrastructure capacity often becomes the determining factor in whether banks adopt cloud platforms or continue operating on-premises systems. Reliable electricity supply, high-quality internet connectivity and the availability of secure data-centre facilities all influence these decisions.
Even though cloud platforms provide scalability and efficiency, several large institutions, including Guaranty Trust Bank, FirstBank and Ecobank, still maintain critical systems locally. Hosting these systems on-premises helps ensure compliance with data sovereignty rules while maintaining security oversight and minimising latency for essential services.
In regions where infrastructure remains inconsistent, cloud adoption can become even more challenging. Unstable electricity or unreliable connectivity may push banks to rely on on-premises systems for mission-critical operations such as payments processing and financial trading platforms, despite the higher operational costs.
Data sovereignty and innovation
At the same time, major banks operating across Nigeria, Ghana and the wider West African region continue to pursue innovation. Many institutions are adopting a trust-by-design approach, embedding strong data-protection principles into every digital initiative.
This approach allows banks to deliver modern, customer-focused digital services while maintaining strict data-privacy standards.
By combining trust-by-design strategies, customer-centric digital services, collaboration with fintech partners and close alignment with regulators, West African banks can continue to innovate while protecting sensitive data and maintaining customer confidence.
Governments across the region have also become increasingly protective of strategic data assets. Sensitive financial or identity data stored outside national borders could expose countries to geopolitical risks, cybersecurity threats or other forms of digital vulnerability.
For this reason, regulators are strengthening data-sovereignty and data-residency requirements to ensure that critical information remains within domestic jurisdictions.
The growing investment by global infrastructure companies such as Equinix and Digital Realty in regional data-centre facilities reflects this shift, highlighting rising demand for secure, locally hosted digital infrastructure across West Africa’s evolving financial sector.
